Chlamydophila atau pneumonia yang disebabkan oleh virus menggunakan lokasi,distribusi dan penampakan dari opasitas yang mereka lihat pada foto x ray. People with severe pneumonia may need to be hospitalized. Identify key areas for nursing intervention in patient care. Antibioticsfor pneumonia caused by bacteria antifungal medicationsfor pneumonia caused by fungi antiviral medicationsfor pneumonia caused viruses, such as influenza overthecounter medications to reduce fever and discomfort. Typical organisme penyebab pneumonia berasal dari gram positif berupa. Join our community just now to flow with the file pathophysiology of pneumonia and make our shared file collection even more complete and exciting. Pathophysiology of pneumonia in ed rello j, nosocomial pneumonia. The alveoli are responsible for gas exchange, and any kind of inflammation in alveolar space compromises this process. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications.
Part i pneumonia overview, lobar and bronchopneumonia duration. Pneumonia severity scores royal melbourne hospital. Pneumonia is caused by a bacteria, virus or chemical. Pneumococcal pneumonia an overview sciencedirect topics. Jul 19, 2017 guidelines for the management of adults with hap and vap were recently published through the collaboration of two societiesthe infectious diseases society of america idsa and the american thoracic society ats. Pathophysiology of pneumonia free download as word doc. Join our community just now to flow with the file pathophysiology of pneumonia and make our. People with pneumonia often have a cough, fever or chills, difficulty breathing, low energy and poor appetite. Pada keadaan normal, saat bernafas paru paru kita terisi oleh udara, namun pada keadaan pneumonia, kantung. The inflammation could occur due to a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. The incidence of nosocomial pneumonia is highest in icu. The alveoli are tiny sacs in human lungs, filled with air. Necrotizing pneumonia is a rare complication of bacterial lung infection.
Data for communityacquired pneumonia cap are weighted averages from validation studies. Pneumonia makes it hard to breathe because the lungs have to work harder to. The decision making process in a pneumonia needs to answer investigations for pneumonia prasanna kumar thomas consultant respiratory physician, apollo fortis malar srmc, chennai the following questions in logical sequence to try and initiate a concise investigative approach to the patient with pneumonia. Most community acquired pneumonia cap are bacterial in origin and often follow brief viral upper respiratory tract infection. Pneumonia is an important cause of neonatal infection and accounts for significant morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Lemonovich, md, university hospitals case medical center, cleveland, ohio c ommunityacquired pneumonia cap is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. Cap is an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma in a person who has not had regular. Part 1 of this twopart unit on pneumonia explored common signs and symptoms of the infection, and explained how nurses can identify those at high risk. Symptoms may come on quickly or may worsen slowly over time. Menurut anatomis pneumonia pada anak dibedakan menjadi 3. Pneumonia adalah proses inflamasi parenkim paru yang terdapat konsolidasi dan terjadi pengisian alveoli oleh eksudat yang disebabkan oleh bakteri, virus, dan benda benda asing muttaqin, 2008. Pneumonia disebabkan oleh satu atau lebih agens berikut. Diagnosis and treatment of communityacquired pneumonia. Investigations for pneumonia journal of association of.
Dalam program penanggulangan penyakit ispa, pneumonia diklasifikasikan sebagai pneumonia sangat berat, pneumonia berat, pneumonia dan bukan pneumonia, berdasarkan ada tidaknya tanda bahaya, tarikan dinding dada bagian bawah ke dalam dan frekuensi napas, dan dengan pengobatan yang spesifik untuk masingmasing derajat penyakit. Pneumonia classification, diagnosis and treatment medical. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. The bacterium can also cause a wide array of extrapulmonary manifestations without obvious respiratory disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae is well adapted to people, and is a. Pneumonia is an inflammation of your lungs, usually caused by an infection. Organizing pneumonia op is a histologic term characterized by patchy filling of alveoli and bronchioles by loose plugs of connective tissue. Atif ali bashir assistant professor of pathology college of medicine majmaah university introduction.
A ct scan can also show complications of pneumonia, abscesses or pleural effusions and enlarged lymph nodes. Pneumonia can range from mild irritation of the lungs to a more severe infection which may require treatment in the hospital. Community acquired pneumonia cap is generally found in persons who have not recently been in the hospital or other health care facility. Lung air sacs are structures that help in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Diagnosis and treatment of communityacquired pneumonia m. Communityacquired pneumonia also includes aspiration pneumonia, which happens when you breathe food, fluid, or vomit into your lungs. Pada tahun 1995, diperkirakan ada 9 juta pasien tb baru dan 3 juta kematian akibat tb diseluruh dunia. Its cause is owing to either a virulence factor of the microorganism or a predisposing factor of the host. Bacterial pneumonia is commonly encountered in clinical practice. It is possible to have pneumonia without a cough or fever. Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in the world and the sixth most common cause of death in the united states. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap also called nosocomial pneumonia, is pneumonia acquired during or after hospitalization for another illness or procedure with onset at least 72 hrs after admission. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known.
These air sacs, called alveoli, can fill with fluid or pus, causing a serious cough and fever. Pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes. Pneumonia national heart, lung, and blood institute nhlbi. Nosocomial pneumonia is the leading cause of death from hospitalacquired infections. There are many different types of pneumonia, most are caused by a bacteria, virus, or fungus.
Pneumonia adalah infeksi saluran pernafasan akut bagian bawah yang mengenai parenkim paru. Learn about causes, risk factors, prevention, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatments for pneumonia, and how to participate in clinical trials. Pneumonia can be a complication of another illness, such as the flu, when your body is already in a weakened state. However, care should be exercised in diagnosing pneumonia caused by legionella pneumoniae as hap if the patient develops it. Updated idsaats guidelines on management of adults with hap. Treatment of communityonset pneumonia in neutropenic cancer patients. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after admission1 and without any antecedent signs of infection at the. Increase wbc count leukocytosis with increase bands on diff, increase creactive protein used to detect inflammation and infection values range from 30300 in cases with bacterial and viral pneumonia, abgs will reflext resp acidosis with hypoxemia increased co2, decreased pa02, decreased ph these are all lab findings consistent with. For these patients with curb65 score 2 or pneumonia. Noninfectious, pneumonia, differential diagnosis, communityacquired pneumonia, mimics, nonresolving background communityacquired pneumonia cap is a frequent and treatable cause of persons presenting to healthcare practitioners. British thoracic society 2009 guidelines for the management of.
In the 1930s, before the advent of antibiotics, pneumonia was the. There was a call to reach a consensus on definitions of pneumonia in both resourcelimited and wellresourced settings. Pneumonia of early onset before age 48 hours occurred in 35 babies incidence 1. Neonatal sepsis and specific pathogens are discussed separately. Feb 08, 2014 healthcareassociated pneumonia hcap is a new concept of pneumonia proposed by the american thoracic societyinfectious diseases society of america in 2005. What you need to know about pneumonia sentara healthcare. Chest radiography is the most commonly used imaging tool in pneumonias due to its availability and excellent cost benefit ratio. Patofisiologi, diagnosis, dan klafisikasi tuberkulosis retno asti werdhani departemen ilmu kedokteran komunitas, okupasi, dan keluarga fkui pendahuluan diperkirakan sekitar sepertiga penduduk dunia telah terinfeksi oleh mycobacterium tuberkulosis.
Pneumonia sebagai infeksi mempunyai gejala yang khas pada masing masing jenis pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia is caused by a foreign material, usually food or vomit getting into the lungs from the throat, which irritates the airways and lung tissue and increases chances of a bacterial infection. Therefore, patients may have a highly variable presentation. Newer definitions have to consider worsening of oxygenation, in addition to purulent respiratory secretions, chestx rays opacities, and biomarkers of inflammation. Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal. Pneumonia is an infection of the pulmonary tissue, including the interstitial spaces, the alveoli, and the bronchioles. Pneumonia juga dapat terjadi apabila seseorang menghirup bahan kimia toksik.
Depends on the stage of pneumonia diminished breath sound scattered crackels and rhonchi over affected lung. Pneumonia in underfive children for the ethiopian health center team getnet mitike, mesfin addissie, mengesha admassu, abilo tadesse, amsalu feleke, hana bewketu, hana alebachew. Community acquired pneumonia boston health care for the. Identify the severity of the pneumonia by using an appropriate scoring tool. Meskipun lebih dari seratus jenis mik roorganisme yang dapat menyebabkan pneumonia, hanya sedikit dari mereka yang. Pneumonia more rarely can be caused by a parasite, fungus or yeast.
Its more likely if you have problems swallowing or coughing. Pneumonia 15 pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes, including bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The causes, microbiology, treatment and prognosis are different from those of communityacquired pneumonia. Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. What marine recruits go through in boot camp earning the title. Pneumonia can be community acquired or hospital acquired.
Here you can download file pathophysiology of pneumonia. Collection of pus in them makes breathing difficult. Pathophysiology of pneumonia respiratory tract disorders. Lipsett, mdb, pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections occurring in hospitalized patients. The edema associated with inflammation stiffens the lung, decreases lung compliance and vital capacity, and causes hypoxemia. It is the number one cause of death from infectious diseases in the united states. For both types of pneumonia there is variation in care and areas of. Untuk mendiagnosis perlu dilakukan anamnesis, pemeriksaan penunjang, dan pemeriksaan fisik. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of nice, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. The most commonly used predictors of outcome from pneumonia are two scoring systems, the pneumonia severity index psi 15 and the british thoracic society rule. Streptococcal pneumonia pneumococcal pneumonia is a communityacquired pneumonia that classically produces a lobar pneumonia healing by resolution i. Radiology plays a prominent role in the evaluation of pneumonia. As already mentioned, pneumonia develops as a result of inflammation of the alveolar space.
A ct scan also shows the airway trachea and bronchi in great detail and can help determine if pneumonia may be related to a problem within the airway. Report patofisiologi pneumonia please fill this form, we will try to respond as soon as possible. The incubation period is generally between 1 to 4 weeks. Pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes pathophysiology, causes. This category is located between communityacquired pneumonia and hospitalacquired pneumonia. Description download patofisiologi pneumonia comments. Background pneumonia was first described by hippocrates 5 460 370 bc. Pneumonia is a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the lungs that causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. In upright position lower lobes are best ventilated therefore deposition of inhaled micro organisms is higher in these lobes. Pneumonia adalah inflamasi atau infeksi pada parenkim paru.
Sudden shaking chill followed high fever, cough, grunting, chest pain, drowsiness, rapid respiration, dry cough, anxiety circumoaral cyanosis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections can occur in the upper or lower respiratory tract. Cap guidelines introduction pneumonia is the third leading cause of morbidity 2001 and mortality 1998 in filipinos based on the philippine health statistics from the department of health. When you breathe in, oxygenrich air travels into the body through the airways trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles in your lungs. Although neisseria meningitidis is one of the major causes of meningitis, meningococcal pneumonia is the most common nonneurological organ disease caused by this pathogen. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever and difficulty breathing. Introduction the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients was 10fold higher than nonventilated patients the reported crude mortality for hap is 30% to greater than 70%. Pneumonia is a common lung infection characterised by collection of pus and other fluids in the lung air sacs alveoli. Airway colonization, ventilatorassociated tracheobronchitis vat, and hospitalacquired hap and ventilatorassociated pneumonia vap are three manifestations having the presence of microorganisms in airways in common. Brasil norte nordeste sudeste sul centro oeste pdf created with fineprint pdffactory trial.
Pneumonia is a pulmonary infection that is characterized by the inflammation of the lung parenchyma. Watkins, md, ms, akron general medical center, akron, ohio tracy l. Pneumonia adalah infeksi akut yang mengenai jaringan paru paru alveoli yang disebabkan oleh berbagai mikroorganisme seperti virus, jamur dan bakteri. Signs of pneumonia breathing faster than normal or having trouble breathing pain in the chest when breathing or coughing. Pneumonia adalah inflamasi parenkim paru,merupakan penyakit yang sering terjadi pada bayi dan masa kanakkanak awal wong, 2008. Started in 1995, this collection now contains 6767 interlinked topic pages divided into a tree of 31 specialty books and 732 chapters. Sometimes a person will have nausea, diarrhea, andor chest pain. Pneumonia bakterial dibagi menjadi dua bakteri penyebabnya yaitu 1. All babies admitted to the neonatal unit during a period of 41 months were prospectively studied to find out the incidence, aetiology, and outcome of neonatal pneumonia, and the value of routine cultures of endotracheal tubes.
Most people will get better at home, but more severely ill people will have to go to hospital so that oxygen can be administered and fluids given in a drip. This part looks at its nursing assessment and management. The initial choice of antibiotic is made empirically. Diagnosis and management of communityacquired pneumonia in adults richard r. It is the leading infectious cause of hospitalization and death in the united states and exacts an enormous cost in economic and human terms. Medcram medical lectures explained clearly 442,546 views. This healthhearty writeup provides information on the pathophysiology of pneumonia. Healthcareassociated pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia.
Worldwide, children under five are primarily affected by this disease, followed by adults 65 years and older, together making up the majority of pneumonia deaths. The pathophysiology of pneumococcal pneumonia is informative in both treatment strategy and in vaccine design. Niederman, in evidencebased practice of critical care, 2011. Op may be an incidental finding in lung biopsy specimens or may be found nearby areas of lung involved by other diseases. Pneumonia severity index an overview sciencedirect topics. Pneumonia is the infection and inflammation of air sacs in your lungs. Management of communityacquired pneumonia in adults swab. Pneumonia when you have pneumonia, the air sacs in the lungs fill with infection or mucus. Penemuan x ray dapat digunakan untuk membantu memprediksi. Pneumonia is a lung condition wherein the parenchyma of the lung becomes inflamed. Pneumonia noomoneeyah is an infection of the lungs caused by a bacteria bakteereeuh or a virus that can cause mild to severe illness.
1229 91 533 213 755 615 596 220 979 715 1163 1114 396 1267 546 698 987 461 1020 1071 405 307 1085 793 969 1126 1481 1097 287 161 760 484